Where Did The 97% Of Scientists Agree On Climate Change Come From

Temperature data showing rapid warming in the past few decades, the latest data going upwardly to 2021. Co-ordinate to NASA, 2016 and 2020 are tied for the warmest year since 1880, standing a long-term tendency of ascent global temperatures. The eight well-nigh recent years have been the warmest. Credit: NASA's Goddard Establish for Infinite Studies

In Brief:

A consensus on climate change and its human crusade exists. Multiple studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals evidence that human activities are the master crusade of the observed climate-warming trend over the past century.

Multiple studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals^ane show that 97 pct or more than of actively publishing climate scientists agree*: Climate-warming trends over the past century are extremely likely due to homo activities. In improver, most of the leading scientific organizations worldwide have issued public statements endorsing this position. The following is a partial listing of these organizations, along with links to their published statements and a selection of related resources.

AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES

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Statement on Climate change from xviii Scientific Associations

"Observations throughout the globe make it clear that climate modify is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by man activities are the main driver." (2009)ⁱⁱ

• 

  American Clan for the Advancement of Scientific discipline

  "Based on well-established evidence, about 97% of climate scientists take concluded that human-caused climate alter is happening." (2014)ⁱⁱⁱ

• 

  American Chemical Gild

  "The Earth'due south climate is irresolute in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely every bit the effect of human activities." (2016-2019)^iv

• 

  American Geophysical Union

  "Based on extensive scientific evidence, information technology is extremely probable that human activities, specially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. There is no alterative caption supported by convincing evidence." (2019)⁵

• 

  American Medical Association

  "Our AMA ... supports the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's fourth cess report and concurs with the scientific consensus that the World is undergoing adverse global climatic change and that anthropogenic contributions are significant." (2019)^{half dozen}

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  American Meteorological Lodge

  "Research has institute a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ... The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) bespeak that it is extremely probable that human being influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century." (2019)^vii

• 

  American Concrete Social club

  "Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the run a risk of meaning environmental, social and economical disruptions around the earth. While natural sources of climate variability are significant, multiple lines of bear witness point that human influences have had an increasingly dominant effect on global climate warming observed since the mid-twentieth century." (2015)⁸

• 

  The Geological Society of America

  "The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Quango (2011), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2013) and the U.South. Global Change Inquiry Programme (Melillo et al., 2014) that global climate has warmed in response to increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases ... Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the ascendant crusade of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013)." (2015)⁹

SCIENCE ACADEMIES

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International Academies: Articulation Statement

"Climate change is existent. At that place will e'er be uncertainty in understanding a system as circuitous every bit the earth's climate. Yet there is now stiff testify that significant global warming is occurring. The testify comes from directly measurements of rising surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures and from phenomena such as increases in boilerplate global sea levels, retreating glaciers, and changes to many physical and biological systems. Information technology is likely that most of the warming in contempo decades can be attributed to human being activities (IPCC 2001)." (2005, 11 international science academies)¹⁰

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  U.S. National Academy of Sciences

  "Scientists accept known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth's climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions."^eleven

U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

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• 

  U.S. Global Change Research Plan

  "Globe'southward climate is now changing faster than at whatever point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a effect of human being activities." (2018, 13 U.S. government departments and agencies)¹²

INTERGOVERNMENTAL BODIES

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• 

  Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic change

  "Warming of the climate arrangement is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snowfall and ice have macerated, and sea level has risen."¹³

  "Man influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history. Contempo climate changes have had widespread impacts on human and natural systems."¹⁴

OTHER RESOURCES

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List of Worldwide Scientific Organizations

The following folio lists the nearly 200 worldwide scientific organizations that hold the position that climate change has been acquired by human activeness.
http://www.opr.ca.gov/facts/list-of-scientific-organizations.html

U.South. Agencies

The post-obit folio contains information on what federal agencies are doing to adapt to climate change.
https://www.c2es.org/site/assets/uploads/2012/02/climate-modify-adaptation-what-federal-agencies-are-doing.pdf

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*Technically, a "consensus" is a full general agreement of opinion, but the scientific method steers u.s. away from this to an objective framework. In science, facts or observations are explained by a hypothesis (a statement of a possible caption for some natural phenomenon), which can then be tested and retested until it is refuted (or disproved).

As scientists gather more than observations, they will build off one explanation and add details to complete the motion picture. Eventually, a group of hypotheses might exist integrated and generalized into a scientific theory, a scientifically acceptable full general principle or torso of principles offered to explain phenomena.

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References​

1. J. Cook, et al, "Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming," Environmental Research Letters Vol. 11 No. 4, (thirteen April 2016); DOI:ten.1088/1748-9326/xi/4/048002

   Quotation from page 6: "The number of papers rejecting AGW [Anthropogenic, or human-caused, Global Warming] is a miniscule proportion of the published inquiry, with the percentage slightly decreasing over fourth dimension. Among papers expressing a position on AGW, an overwhelming percentage (97.2% based on cocky-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW."

   J. Cook, et al, "Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature," Environmental Research Letters Vol. 8 No. 2, (fifteen May 2013); DOI:x.1088/1748-9326/eight/ii/024024

   Quotation from page three: "Among abstracts that expressed a position on AGW, 97.1% endorsed the scientific consensus. Amongst scientists who expressed a position on AGW in their abstract, 98.4% endorsed the consensus."

   Westward. R. 50. Anderegg, "Expert Credibility in Climate Change," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 107 No. 27, 12107-12109 (21 June 2010); DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003187107.

   P. T. Doran & Thousand. K. Zimmerman, "Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change," Eos Transactions American Geophysical Matrimony Vol. ninety Issue three (2009), 22; DOI: 10.1029/2009EO030002.

   N. Oreskes, "Across the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Alter," Scientific discipline Vol. 306 no. 5702, p. 1686 (iii Dec 2004); DOI: 10.1126/science.1103618.

2. Statement on climate change from 18 scientific associations (2009)
3. AAAS Board Argument on Climate Alter (2014)
4. ACS Public Policy Argument: Climate change (2016-2019)
5. Society Must Address the Growing Climate Crisis Now (2019)​
6. Global Climate Alter and Human being Health (2019)
7. Climatic change: An Information Statement of the American Meteorological Society (2019)
8. APS National Policy 07.1 Climate change (2015)
9. GSA Position Statement on Climate Alter (2015)
10. Joint science academies' argument: Global response to climatic change (2005)
11. Climate at the National Academies
12. 4th National Climate Assessment: Volume II (2018)
13. IPCC Fifth Cess Written report, Summary for Policymakers (2014)
14. IPCC 5th Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers (2014)

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Source: https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/

Posted by: jacksonsains1958.blogspot.com

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